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The eneolithic period was the transition from the stone age to the bronze
age, also known as the chalcolithic period. Compared to the rest of Europe,
the Danube regions and central Balkans progressed earlier from the Neolithic
period and had a long eneolithic transition period. During this period the
north Balkans may have been the most dynamic region of Europe.
Burial practices changed, particularly in the lower Danube and eastern
Bulgaria, to cemeteries outside villages and were accompanied by
material objects. From the late 6th millennium copper mining and processing
was developing in Europe and there was extensive mining in Serbia and
Bulgaria during the 5th millennia. Many Gold objects have been found that
were used for ornamentation of body and clothes.
"Musical note Linear pottery", with influences from the
cultures to the south started to form the Cucuteni cultures in SE
Transylvania and west Moldavia.
The Gumeliţa culture developed smoothly
from the Boian culture in the lower Danube region.
The "Linear pottery" derivatives continued in west Hungary and
central Europe.
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- Butmir culture
- Area - around Sarajevo, Bosnia
- Pottery - dark poor quality, & Kakanj, Balkano-Anatolian and some Danilo group
- Houses - phase I pit houses, phase II & III rectangular
- Links - Danilo group, Vinča-Turdaş II
-
- Marica-Karanovo V culture
- Area - Thace
- Pottery - graphite decoration, later tending towards Gumeliţa styles
- Houses - rectanular with a hearth
- Settlements - "tells"
- Links - Sava group in NE Bulgaria
-
- Gumeliţa culture
- Origins - with a smooth transition from earlier Boian to Gumelniţa
- Pottery - graphite decoration from Marica of Bulgaria
- Technology - flint tools particular to Eneolithic Romania, copper and gold
-
- Dhimini culture
- Area - east Thessaly
- Settlements - in Thessaly became fortified with stone walls
- Pottery - inferior to Sesklo, spiral and meander patterns, probably people from Starčevo Pannonian region
- Metal - copper and gold imported
-
- Larisia culture
- Area - west Thessaly, central Greece, west Macedonia
- Settlements - in Thessaly became fortified with stone walls
- Pottery - very different from Sesko, termed neolithic urfirnis
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- Vinca culture
- This late Neolithic group continues in parallel to the neighbouring eneolithic cultures
- Phases - either A-D or Vinča-Turdaş I & II then Vinča-Pločnik I-III with a transition between
- Area - Serbia, south to Vardar-Morava watershed, along Save Danube and Mures rivers
- Pottery - high quality black burnished ware
- Houses - first pit-dwellings then rectangular two rooms, later phases three rooms
- Settlements - later included fortifications
- Links - has with elements from the earlier Karanovo III culture
- Metal - copper introduced Vinča-Pločnik I
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- Sopot-Lengyel varient
- Origins - regional varient of the Lengel group, part of the Balkano-Anatolian complex
- Area - southern Pannonia
- Settlements - Lengyel flat not "tell"
- Pottery - dark monochrome, poorer that Vinča
- Links - Vinča
-
- Stoicani-Alderni group
- Area - NE Muntenia, SE Moldavia
- Origin - Gumeliţa blended with some Boian and pre-Cucuteni
-
- Petresti culture
- Origins - unknown, started before Gumelelniţa and Cucuteni
- Area - S central Transylvania
- Pottery - fine bichrome & trichrome, similar to Cucuteni
-
- Tisa
- Area - N Banat, S Crişana
- Origin - evolution Szakálhát of S Hungary and Banat culture
- Settlements - tell type, may be in organised rows
- Houses - one or several rooms, similar to Vinča culture, some with suspended floors
-
- Lengyel culture
- Origins - development of the Linear Bank Ceramic, after the climate cooled
- Area - Czech, Slovakia, Hungary, Panonnia
- Settlements - Lengyel flat not tel
- Houses - stronger built than LBK
-
- Pre-Cucuteni
- Origins - resulting from contact between Music-note Linear Pottery and Boian, some suggest links to Hamangia
- Area - phase I SE Transylvania/W Moldavia, phase II spreads east to Dnieper, phase III = Tripolye A east to to Bug
- Pottery - phase I grey
-
- Maliq II culture
- Origins - continuity with Maliq I-Kamnik
- Area - south Albania
- Pottery - fine grey or grey-black, decoration includes painted, incised, encrusted, recessed
- Economy - agriculture
- Technology - metal tools
- Links - earlier culture in Albania, with objects from Balkan eneolithic groups and others from the Aegean
-
- Lisičići-Hvar group
- Area - Adriatic coast, Hvar represents the coastal and island form, Lisičići in Hercegovina represents the inland form
- Houses - caves, pit-dwellings
- Pottery - fine globular vessel, amphorae
- Links - after Danilo group, related to Butmir group, links with west Mediterranean groups
