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The modest huts were replaced by larger houses and some settlements were fortified with earthworks and stone walls. Four wheel wagons were common
throughout the Balkans, central Europe and Asia Minor.
The Carpathian arc from the Bohemia (Únĕtice culture), the upper Tiza
(Otomani culture) and into Transylvania (Wietenburg culture) was the centre
of the Bronze industry, trading up to the Baltic coast and east to the
Caucasus. The 'alliance' of these three cultures used tin from Bohemia to
produce Bronze in Transylvania and the their strength spread north of the
Carpathians into the Ukraine (Komarów culture) and east to the Pontic
Steppe.
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- Maliq III culture
- Origins - assimilation of new peoples with existing continuity from eneolithic period, continues through to Iron Age when Urnfield elements assimilate
- Area - south Albania, expanding south later
- Pottery - initially more primitive than Maliq II, new styles & including impressed cords, some similar to Kostolac group, continuing to develop to pre-firing red geometric designs
- Technology - specialists in metallurgy, sword manufacture designs similar to Aegean
- Trade - swords and pottery from Aegean
- Burials - tumuli, Urnfield culture did not displace this
- Links - may be Kostolac group
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- Ezero culture
- Origins - strong links with Cernavodă III & Coţofeni, weak links
with eneolithic Thrace, continuity through middle & late Bronze Ages
and stronger influences with Baden cultures
- Area - Thrace
- Pottery - early jugs & cups, askoi vessels burnished black or
dark brown, affinities Cernavodă III & Coţofeni, later have Baden
influences
- Houses - rectangular, later apsidal
- Settlements - Ezero is fortified by a 1.5m wall, houses around a square
- Technology - stone and flint, with metal gradually taking over (typical of Caucasian metallurgy)
- Economy - agriculture: wheat, oats, peas, lentils & cattle breeding
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- Bubanj-Hum
- Origins - Cernavodă III & Ezero
- Area - Morava valley (Serbia)
- Pottery - incised patterns
- Economy - animal breeding
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- Tei culture
- Origins - Glina-Schneckenberg with Folteşti-Cernavodă
- Area - Muntenia-Oltenia & S of Danube, crossing into SE Transylvania
- Economy - pastoral
- Settlements - zolniki type
- Pottery - cups & storage , geometric designs, spirals later
- Technology - metal is rare
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- Monteoru
- Origins - Glina-Schneckenberg plus influences from Yamnaya, Cucuteni, Foltesti, Usatovo
- Area - NE Muntenia, moved into S Moldavia, then across Carpathians to SE Transylvania
- Pottery - fine black & greyish black, geometric and solar incised motifs
- Houses - large substantial huts, some stone used later
- Settlements - high terraces & hill tops, later open lowland
- Economy - stockbreding
- Burials - inhumation
- Links - last phase in SE Moldavia forms transition to Noua culture
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- Costişa
- Origins - Romanian branch of Bialyi Potok to the north
- Area - N Moldavia
- Pottery - two handled cups & amphorae
- Links - overrun by Monteoru, may have contributed to Noua culture
-
- Sighişoara-Weitenberg
- Origin - derived from Coţofeni
- Area - Transylvania
- Pottery - one handled cup, dishes, bowls, geometric decoration & spirals
- Settlements - dense population of over 200 settlements, towards end many fortified sites
- Technology - well developed metallurgy bronze and gold
- Burials - cremation in covered urns
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- Armenokhori
- Origins - Cernavodă III via Bubanj-Hum
- Area - Pelagonia
- Pottery - course pottery & two handled vessels
- Links - Maliq III
-
- Belotić-Bela Crkva group
- Origins - Vučedol or Pannonian groups, burials may be from
Pontic-Steppe, also similar to some Transylvanian
- Area - west Serbia
- Pottery - one-handled vessels, two-handled cups, incised & hatched triangles
- Burials - tumuli (20m may be with stone circle), inhumation & cremation
- Links - Vattina group, later to become Illyrian
-
- Verbicioara
- Origins - Periam, influences from west
- Area - Banat, Oltenia spreading into NW Bulgaria to Stara Planina and NE Serbia
- Pottery - incised and encrusted geometric decoration, meanders & sun symbols
- Settlements - on high terrances, zolniki type
- Economy - pastoralism
-
- Periam-Mokrin-Pančevo
- Origin - includes Sălcuţa-Bubanj elements
- Area - Banat & S Crişana (lower Mures), NE Serbia
- Pottery - mainly cups, incised designs
- Burials - flat graves
- Links - Nagyrev (Hungary), formation of Pecica & Vattina cultures
-
- Otomani-Füzesabony
- Origins - Coţofeni & Baden
- Area - Crisana, E Hungary, Slovakia spread west later
- Pottery - high-necked cup, geometric & spiral
- Settlements - houses arranged in circles, fortified with ramparts
- Technology - developed bronze metallurgy
- Burials - inhumation
-
- Gârla Mare-Cârna-Dubovac
- Area - middle & lower Danube from Budapest to Jiu river, Banat & SW Oltenia
- Pottery - globular urns etc, incised spirals, female figurines
- Burials - cremation, large urnfields without barrows
- Links - lasted until ~13th BC population movements to the Aegean
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- Vinkovci
- Origins - Vučedol
- Area - Slavonia & Srem
- Pottery - grey & polished
